Swimming and eczema
How does swimming pool water affect eczema?
Practical suggestions for avoiding swimming-related skin problems
Facts about swimming pool water
Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG)
Introduction
Swimming skills are fundamental to safety in and around water. Swimming is also a fantastic low impact form of exercise for people of all ages, and an enjoyable family activity. In addition to being a very important life skill, swimming is a reasonably skin-friendly form of exercise as it doesn’t involve getting too hot and sweaty (and therefore itchy).
All swimming pools need to maintain pool water in a safe and hygienic state, balanced within an ideal pH range. This is achieved in the UK with the addition of chlorine, a powerful disinfectant, and various other chemicals. Swimming pool water can irritate the skin of some people with eczema, depending on the mix of chemicals used by an individual pool.
How does swimming pool water affect eczema?
Many different environmental irritants can trigger eczema, and swimming pool water is no exception. However, not everyone with eczema will experience the same degree of irritation or even any irritation at all, as eczema is a very individual condition.
Dryness of the skin after swimming is likely to occur if the pH of the pool water is raised (pH above neutral can cause dry skin, as can calcium build-up). Chlorine can also cause dryness, but since it is a bleach and some research studies have recommended diluted bleach as a way of reducing bacteria on eczematous skin, its effects are not necessarily all bad – it may even be helpful for some people with eczema.
Some people with eczema may experience irritant contact dermatitis. This can be due to the skin reacting to chlorine or to any of the other chemicals added to sanitise or alter the chemical balance of the swimming pool water. If you think this is what you are experiencing, it may be worth changing where you swim, as different pools may use different chemical treatment systems.
Practical suggestions for avoiding swimming-related skin problems
- Avoid swimming if the eczema is flaring badly or infected.
- If swimming indoors, apply your usual emollient cream or, better still, an emollient ointment, before entering the pool (i.e. after using the toilet and showering). It is a good idea to put on more cream than you usually would, so that it acts as an effective barrier to the water. If you’re learning to swim or are not a strong swimmer, be aware that applying emollient shortly before swimming can make a lifeguard rescue difficult, as your limbs may be slippery. In this case, rather than applying emollient beforehand, it is safer to simply shower thoroughly after your swim and apply plenty of emollient after patting yourself dry with a towel, to calm down any surface irritation.
- If swimming outdoors, remember that the sun reflects on water and therefore waterproof sun protection will be required. Most people with eczema do best with sunscreens that contain titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide, which sit on the skin rather than being absorbed. First, go to the toilet and shower; then apply emollient about half an hour before applying sunscreen – this will prevent the sunscreen becoming diluted by the emollient and ensure that it keeps its reflective properties and protects your skin. Try not to overdo your emollient when outdoors as it may produce a ‘frying’ effect in the sun if it hasn’t been properly absorbed.
- As soon as possible after your swim, shower off using your usual emollient wash/oil/gel. Then apply more leave-on cream than usual. If the pool showers use chlorinated pool water, it is best to go home and take a shower/bath as soon as you get there.
- Children who are self-conscious about their eczema may prefer to wear UV-protection swim suits/clothing. These may do the trick in covering elbows and the backs of knees; however, you do have to look hard to find ones with longer sleeves/trousers.
- If swimming pool water is an irritant, consider going to another pool where different chemicals may be used. Alternatively, try to find a salt-water pool, or swim in fresh or sea water (especially in the summer months).
- Try to find out when chlorine is added to the swimming pool and avoid swimming immediately afterwards – the higher the chlorine level, the greater the risk of irritation.
- When trying out a new pool, spend just a short time in the water and see how it goes.
- Remember that even when you get out of the water, your skin is still exposed to chlorinated fumes around the poolside, so don’t hang about unnecessarily.
Facts about swimming pool water
Maintaining the correct chemistry of swimming pool water is very important for health and safety, and a variety of different chemicals are added to achieve this. There are two aspects to maintaining balanced, safe, disinfected water: water sanitisation and water balance.
Water sanitisation
Bacteria multiply rapidly in untreated water. Various methods are used for sanitisation:
- Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant for swimming pool water in the UK. It is important to maintain the correct ‘free chlorine residual’ at all times. If you can smell the chlorine, it means that there is not enough ‘free chlorine’ in the water. Chlorine stabilisers are used in outdoor pools to prevent loss of chlorine due to sunlight.
- Salt-water chlorination has been used for many years in Europe, Australia and South Africa as it removes the need to add chlorine separately to a pool. It is a less common way of sanitising pools in the UK. Salt-water chlorination works by having an electrolytic cell break down the salt (sodium chloride) dissolved in the water in order to produce chlorine, which acts as the sanitiser. Salt-water chlorination at swimming pool water strength does not bleach and, according to the manufacturers, is kinder to the skin and eyes.
- Bromine is used in some pools – mainly domestic and hydrotherapy pools – as an alternative to chlorine.
- PHMB is a disinfectant used as a three-part system for domestic pools.
- Algaecides are added to kill and prevent the growth of algae.
- Filter aids/flocculants/clarifiers help to remove foreign debris/material.
Water balance
pH is the most important factor in swimming pool water chemistry since it affects chlorine efficacy as well as overall balance in the water. pH is a logarithmic scale for measuring the water’s acidity or basicity – the ideal pH value to be comfortable for eyes and to prevent corrosive or scale-forming conditions is at a slightly basic value in the range of pH 7.2-7.4. Other factors that influence water balance include total alkalinity (the amount of base in the form of bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides), calcium hardness and water temperature.
Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG)
The PWTAG Code of Practice provides pool operators with a structured plan for the technical operation of their pools. The Code ensures that pools meet quality standards that provide a healthy experience for swimmers. For this reason all UK pools are encouraged to follow it. Following the Code gives an assurance to operators and the public that a pool meets essential healthy pool operational standards. The Code is designed, among other things, to meet the health challenge of one of the greatest threats that the sector has to deal with – the chlorine-resistant pathogen, Cryptosporidium.
Check with your local pool that they follow the PWTAG Code.
For more information on swimming pool water, please visit www.pwtag.org.
To obtain the information on this page in a PDF format, please download our Swimming and eczema factsheet, below.